Motivation in Teaching and Learning - 715 Words

Motivation in learning and teaching Introduction Teachers play the first and foremost role in undermining or enhancing the motivation of students. They can facilitate self determination and essential motivation to students if the teachers are in practice of autonomy supporting style. Such a motivation is also likely to create positive consequences among students. The students of such a teacher will be less distracted in their classes and will be anxious to what is being taught. He will be associated with more positive emotions and his learning will be comprehension centered and will be ready to put more effort in his studies. He will gain better grades in class and there is only very less chance for a drop out. Only those teachers who†¦show more content†¦For increasing the motivation among students schools are providing several extrinsic rewards like grades, prizes etc. This will cause extrinsic motivation. Thus intrinsic motivation is some thing comes from student’s interest in subject and extrinsic motivation fro m the reward expectation. But there is a view that extrinsic motivation reduces intrinsic motivation. According to Lepper and Colleagues (2006) extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest and when students are informed that they are being watched it was found same effect as of extrinsicShow MoreRelatedTeaching Young Minds : Learning, Motivation, Behavior, And Development Theories805 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand and reproduce. Instruction must be tailored to Eloise’s learning style. Teaching young minds is a task that cannot be taken lightly. It is full of challenges, frustrations, and responsibilities. However, it is a task that is also full of excitement, wonder, and joy. I strongly believe that Eloise is capable of learning, with the proper motivation and direction. As a teacher I need to apply methods of learning, motivation, behavior, and development theories in order for Eloise to reach herRead MoreImproving Student Motivation And Performance Are Improved With A ctive Learning And Student Centered Teaching Strategies1180 Words   |  5 PagesIncrease Nursing Student Motivation Traditional education viewed students as â€Å"passive recipients of face-to-face instructor designed and led classes (McGarry, Theobald, Lewis, Coyer, 2015, p. 967). The researchers understood the challenges nurse educators faced in engaging students and cultivating new nursing graduates with skills benefitting societal and professional sustainability. The aim of this paper is to determine by integrative review whether nursing student motivation and performance areRead MoreThe Benefits Of Active Learning And Student Centered Teaching Strategies Improve Motivation And Performance Among Nursing Students1173 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Motivation â€Å"Passive recipients of face-to-face instructor designed and led classes† was how traditional education students were viewed (McGarry, Theobald, Lewis, Coyer, 2015, p. 967). The researchers understood the challenges nurse educators faced in engaging students and cultivating new nursing graduates with skills benefitting societal and professional sustainability. The aim of this paper is to determine by integrative review whether active learning and student-centered teaching strategiesRead MoreStudent Motivation And Academic Success1568 Words   |  7 Pagesof a student in college – motivation, learning preferences/styles, socioeconomic status, whether or not the student is a first generation college student, gender, and even race. With so many factors potentially contributing or hindering a student’s academic success in college; it is important for teachers to attempt to connect with students in the classroom. Adjusting instructional methods that focus on s tudents’ learning preferences/styles can increase student motivation and can lead to academicRead MoreTeaching Styles, Learning Styles, and Cultural Location in Relation to Academic Success996 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching Styles, Learning Styles, and Cultural Location in Relation to Academic Success The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires. -William Arthur Ward. Every teacher is different and teaches differently, but when it comes to academic success of students, how do the teaching styles affect the overall outcome of the student success. Although teaching styles and learning styles have a massive role to play and academic successRead MoreWhat Produces The Biggest Impact On Learning?1546 Words   |  7 Pagesproduces the biggest impact on learning? One major goal of instructional designers as well as teachers is to promote students learning efficacy. Efficacy is defined as power or capacity to produce a desired effect. In the context of learning sciences, efficacy could be used to describe students’ learning effectiveness. In classrooms, students motivation, cognitive skills as well as teachers devotion could have strong impacts on students learning effectiveness. Learning scientists have been investingRead MoreExploring The Dynamics Of Educational Psychology1382 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology Importance of continued education. I think it should be a priority for educators to be up to date on research being conducted in the field of Educational Psychology because it promotes effective teaching and learning. If they stay updated, they will continue to learn new teaching methods and learning styles that will help their students to succeed. I think if educators are only sticking to the past research that they learned in educational psychology rather than current research, they may not beRead MoreThe Importance Of Teaching And Classroom Management1692 Words   |  7 Pagesnot only was I given opportunities to teach, I was also given opportunities to observe my mentor teacher and other teachers. Through these observations I gained an understanding of multiple aspects of teaching and classroom management that I would often miss or be unaware of during my own teaching. When analysing my observations, there were a number of themes that stood out. However, it was the students that interested me the most. The school is largely multicultural with over 35% of the school populationRead MoreEffects Of Motivational Strategies On Student Motivation931 Words   |  4 PagesStrategies on Student Motivation† by authors Marie J. Guilloteaux and Zoltà  n Dà ´rnyei attempt to provide an answer to the importance of teacher motivation in second language learning. Their main research questions are as follows: 1. How does the teacher s motivational teaching practice affect the students classroom motivation in terms of the level of their attention, participation, and volunteering? 2. What is the relationship between the students self-reported motivation (assessed by questionnaire)Read MoreTeaching And Coach For Elif Canan Was Born Of Modern Languages Department At Bahcesehir University ( Bau )850 Words   |  4 PagesShe is the Chairman of Modern Languages Department in Bahà §eÅŸehir University (BAU) Foreign Languages School. She is an asset for BAU because she has an admirable career in terms of education, skills and ability. She uses success factors such as motivation and illustration with examples, and educational methodologies to teach and coach. Her main goal is to improve her students’ understanding of life nationally and internationally. Although many academicians are only interested in their studies and

Euthanasia Is The United States Of America - 861 Words

Life can be a long, treacherous journey filled with many blessings, disappointments, surprises, and failures. However, the only thing guaranteed in our unpredictable lives is that one day each of us will meet our death. According to the Mariam Webster’s Dictionary, euthanasia is ‘the act or practice of killing someone who is very sick or injured in order to prevent any more suffering.’ Understandably, one suffering from a terminal illness such as AIDS, cancer, or Alzheimer’s, may think it best to put an end to their agony as soon as possible. Although it can be argued that there may be good intentions in carrying out this â€Å"mercy killing†, they do not change the fact that euthanasia is murder and should remain illegal in the United States of America. The act of euthanasia goes against the natural process of life. Regardless of one’s faith or religion, there is a general understanding among humans that life has a purpose. Whether positivel y or negatively, each person will have an impact on multiple others during his or her lifetime. Movies like A Walk to Remember, released in 2002, illustrate a young lady suffering from terminal cancer who still manages to find unconditional love and significantly impact her partner’s life for the better. Prematurely ending a life robs the person of fully completing his or her designated path. The legalization of euthanasia implies that a person has to be an active, contributing citizen in order to remain alive. â€Å"The intrinsic value andShow MoreRelatedShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1220 Words   |  5 Pagesincurable patients, it is rarely known that Euthanasia, a termination of one’s life with his/her self-willingness, is a release of permanent pain. On the other hand, it is committed by the doctors. Among Voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary Euthanasia, only is Voluntary Euthanasia being universally concerned by human beings. Various fascinating facts, Aust ralia has already approved this act and many people from other countries have also committed Euthanasia. Regarding this topic, people have beenRead MoreEuthanasia: The Pros and Cons1281 Words   |  6 Pages Euthanasia: The pros Anatomy Durkos Sarah Carter Jan 6, 2013 Over the years there has been a debate on whether euthanasia is a â€Å"humane† form of death. Some believe it isnt humane and others believe euthanasia is personal choice. Euthanasia is legal Australia and in four states in the united states. The legality of euthanasia is based on ethics primarily. I am pro euthanasia for many reasons; Euthanasia is cheaper, it ends the suffering of patients, and self determinism. Read MoreA Brief Note On Euthanasia And The United States882 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Euthanasia in the U.S. Euthanasia is the act or practice, killing of permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy killing. Far more controversial, active euthanasia involves causing the death of a person through a direct action. In response to a request from the person. Euthanasia itself been around for as long as the history of medicine. This euthanasia is enormous and have long history in the United States. This soRead MoreThe Hidden Potential Of Euthanasia1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe Hidden Potential of Euthanasia When people think of the term â€Å"dying with dignity† they will usually picture themselves living a very fulfilling life where everyone saw them as some sort of hero. Maybe they want to be seen as someone who was strong and kept up with a battle to fight disease. This same image could come to mind with a person who chose to take their own life rather than let a disease or terminal illness be the reason for them dying. There are very few people that imagine dyingRead MoreFor Euthanasia Persuasive Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagespain and suffering. Euthanasia is a word that most people avoid because it is very controversial. But why? Euthanasia is a way of ending the prolonging of suffering, while leaving life in peace. Euthanasia is derived from the Greeks where Eu means good and Thanatos means death. When these phrases are combined the word euthanasia is created; meaning â€Å"good death† (6.) There are three types of euthanasia although only two are authenti c forms. The first type is active euthanasia. It is described asRead MoreEuthanasia/Physician Assisted Suicide Should Not be Legalized1343 Words   |  6 Pagesof euthanasia, he felt he had no other choice. Knowing his family would disagree, he decided to ask for his doctors’ advice. The doctor knowing he would receive a cash bonus and be financially better off if he did not provide patient care advised the modest man to be euthanized. He took his doctors advice and there was nothing that would change his mind from what he thought would be the best thing for his family. Still grieving his loss till today, his family will never forget how euthanasia murderedRead MorePosition Essay Euthanasia1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe Good Death Euthanasia has been a hotly debated social question for many years. For many reasons people ask for assistance to end their lives. It is legal in most states for a person to end their own life, but if someone helps someone carry out that wish, then that is a crime. It shouldn’t be illegal to help someone end their life if they wish to die to end their pain. The only sensible thing would be to legalize physician assisted suicide so that people can feel comfortable and pass awayRead MoreEssay on Euthanasia in the United States1214 Words   |  5 PagesEuthanasia in the United States The frail woman lay on her bed, chatting quietly with her grandchild. They had spent the day talking about unicorns, Cinderella, and the olden days. As they conversed, the womans daughter looked on. She nodded to the doctor, and by the end of the evening the joyful spirit of old woman was gone. Euthanasia is a practice that has become more common than realized in the United States. Various states in the Union have tried to legalize euthanasia within the pastRead MoreSiya Kumar. Dying With Dignity. . Imagine Yourself With1360 Words   |  6 Pagesphysician assisted death. Physician assisted death and voluntary euthanasia should be legal in the the United States because if a person has the right to life, then they also have the right to death, it helps terminally ill patients to escape the pain that awaits them, and it can be safely regulated by government legislation. Euthanasia is specifically provided for individuals diagnosed with a terminal illness. There are several types of euthanasia that differ in the way that the patient passes away, whoRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal For Nurses?1369 Words   |  6 Pagesuntil now—individuals are against assisted suicide. According to the Webster Dictionary (2016), â€Å"euthanasia is the act or practice of causing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy also known as mercy killing.† Euthanasia has created a debate over the past couple of years causing issue in various of the fifty states in America as to whether it should be legal for nurses to assist patients in an early death. Since the Crimean

Bottled Water Free Essays

Yizza Burgueno First Draft Instructor Michael Heumann English 101 March 26, 2013 Bottled Water Most American see bottled water as a necessity, even though bottled water did not exist many years ago. Drinking out of a water bottle has become the standard drinking source for most Americans. We have become dependent on plastic waste. We will write a custom essay sample on Bottled Water or any similar topic only for you Order Now Water is life sustaining, so many of us would think that drinking water out of a bottle is harmless. Regrettably it is not, there have been traces of PET and BPA in the plastic containers we are drinking out of. Both PET and BPA can stimulate sever health consequences. Not only are we putting our life in danger by drinking out of bottled water but our planet as well. Plastic bottles don’t just vanish into thin air. Most Americans don’t recycle, so most plastic bottles end up on streets, rivers, lakes, canals, streams, or oceans polluting our planet. Not only is bottled water way more expensive than tap, it also contains the same water quality as tap water. In other words we’re just paying for the names on the plastic bottles. Rather than paying for quality, our tap water can produce just about the same quality as bottled water. Bottled water is not all it is made out to be. We all need water to survive, especially when up to 60% of the human body is composed of it (USGS, 2009). Water is absolutely necessary to our planet. Approximately 75% of the earth’s surface is covered by water, but only 1% of that is drinkable (Soechtig, 2009). Hence, clean drinkable water is not as easy to get as it may seem. Representative Dennis Kuchinich from Ohio states that, â€Å"Water is a basic human right, it’s a necessary for survival of life. When you start commodifying the necessities of life in such a way as to make it more difficult for people to gain access, you have the basis for serious political instability,† (Soechtig, 2009). Water is no longer a fundamental right, it has become bankable and sold to people who already have perfectly drinkable water coming out of their tap. People are looking at water as if it were gold and are only looking for a way to profit off of it. Instead of waiting in line to drink from the water fountains, people are waiting in line at the stores to pay for overly priced bottled water. People are no longer drink out of water fountains or out their kitchen sinks because they have the luxury of buying bottled water. Therefore, the demand for water fountains has decreased because of how easily it is to obtain bottled water. The more we buy bottled water, the more we are convinced that bottled water is not a luxury, but rather a necessity (Gleick, 2010, p. 107). Although, drinking out of a plastic bottle can cost twice as much, if not more than the water that comes out of our kitchen sinks and public drinking fountains and may also harm not only our health but our planet as well, millions of people still keep buying and drinking out of bottled water. Peter Gleick author of Bottled and Sold: the Story Behind our Obsession with Bottled Water, wrote, â€Å"certainly, the environmental problems with bottled water, the economic costs to pocketbooks, and the growing support for improving tap water quality and reliability are all contributing to new thinking about the simple act of buying a plastic bottled water,†(Gleick, 2010, p. 161). Bottled water was nonexistent many years ago. Elizabeth Royote mentions in her book, that people did not start walking down the streets with their water bottles until 1989 when water could be put in clear, lightweight bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Once that was created, bottled water skyrocketed in the 90’s. Water sales tripled in size, from 4. 5 gallons per year for the average American in 1986, to 12. 7 gallons per person in 1997 (NRDC, 1999). In 2007, Americans bout more than 29 billion bottles of water (Soechtig, 2009). America has engraved into people heads that drinking tap water is not healthy and in fear of the people have turned to bottled water thinking it’s the healthier option for them. Some people have gone to drinking bottled water literally because they are concerned about their water, and the problem is they are unaware of the fact that buying bottled water is not necessarily safe, that they end up being exposed to other chemical compounds,† says Stephanie King (PH. D. , M. P. H. ) a toxicologists and epidemiologist with Toxicology Inc. (Soechtig, 2009). Bottled water can actually lead to health concerns for those with weak immune systems, (NRDC, 1999). Most water bottles are made from polye thylene terephthalate (PET), a polymer derived from oil that adds flexibility, color, and strength to plastic (Royote, 2008, p. 48). Another health risky ingredient in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic is Bisphenol A (BPA), a non steroidal estrogenic compound (Rubin, Murray, Damassa, King, and Soto, 2001). BPA can be found in many products such as sports bottles, baby bottles, and water coolers (Soechtig, 2009). Every American owns or has own a bottled that contained BPA, and because BPA mimics estrogen most bottles say they are â€Å"BPA free†. â€Å"Bisphoenol A may be one of the most potent, toxic chemicals known to man. The problem is Bisphenol A acts at very low doses as an estrogen,† (Soechtig, 2009). Both PET and BPA can be harming to Americans health, one leading to cancer and the other leading to the reproductive system. One’s life is not only in danger from drinking out of bottled water but the earth’s life as well. A large amount of water is wasted to create plastic bottles plus the water used to fill it. The amounts of bottles produce are not nearly close to the amounts recycled. Of the 80 million single served bottles of water consumed daily, 30 million ends up in landfills (Soechtig, 2009). The other ends up all over the streets making their way to the ocean, lakes, rivers, canals. Etc. The average international recycling rate for beverages containers for the word is 50%, but the United States is 20% and this number has been declining (Soechtig, 2009). The cost to produce bottled water is twice as expensive as, if not more, than tap water. Why waste more money on bottled water when people are already paying for it in the comfort of their own home. There is the cost of materials, production, and transportation. â€Å"This energy cost is a thousand times larger than the energy required to produce, process, treat, and deliver tap water,† (Gleick, 2010, p. 5). Are we just paying for the brand of the bottle rather than the quality of the water? 40% of bottled water is really just filtered tap water (Soechtig, 2009). Meaning that if people added a filter to their tap they can have bottled water quality coming out of their own kitchen faucet for a lower price. Most bottled water labels show a beautiful picture of waterfalls or mountains with streams running thr ough, portraying that that’s where the water comes from but in all reality the bottled water People are drinking from doesn’t come from afar. Yosemite water one the most popular bottled water in the Imperial Valley comes from Los Angeles California (Gleick, 2010, p. 110). Bottled water can cause illnesses, pollution, and costs lots of money. It may have the advantage of being convenient, but convenient is not worth harming your health, making the earth less livable, or spending more money on something that can comes out of your kitchen faucet, which in most cases you’re already paying for. Bottled water may look fancy or have a different taste to it but it’s not worth all the consequences. That’s why bottled water is not all it is made out to be. Works Cited Gleick, Peter H. Bottled and Sold: The Story behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Washington, Dc: Island, 2010. Print. Olson, Erik D. â€Å"Bottled Water. † NRDC:. NRDC, 1999. Web. 5 Mar. 2013. http://www. nrdc. org/water/drinking/bw/bwinx. asp. Royte, Elizabeth. Bottlemania: Big Business, Local Springs, and the Battle over America’s Drinking Water. New York: Bloomsbury, 2009. Print. Rubin, B. S. , M. K. Murray, D. A. Damassa, J. C. King, and A. M. Soto. Abstract. † National Center for Biotechnology Information. U. S. National Library of Medicine, 20 Dec. 2005. Web. 5 Mar. 2013. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1240370/. Soechtig, Stephanie. â€Å"Tapped. † | Tapped the Movie – Official Site |. N. p. , 2009. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. http://www. tappedthemovie. com/. Us Geological Survey. â€Å"The Water in You. † Water Properties: (Water Science for Schoo ls). Us Geological Survey, Oct. 2009. Web. 5 Mar. 2013. http://ga. water. usgs. gov/edu/propertyyou. html. How to cite Bottled Water, Papers

Coal Seam Gas Mining in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Coal Seam Gas Mining in Australia. Answer: Introduction: Coal seam gas (CSG) is one of the natural gas. Australia have sufficient amount of Coal Seam Gas. It was first founded in 1990. It is considered as the source of fuel. It plays a significant role in lower the carbon emission which is highly beneficial to save the environment from the harmful effect of carbon. Australia is known for the exploration of CSG. It is mainly found in the Eastern Australia. CSG is not a shale gas. There is a difference between the shale gas and CSG. There are some specific method to extract the gas, such as- hydraulic fracturing, horizontal drilling. Coal Seam Gas puts a significant impact on the financial infrastructure of the Australia. The economic development of Australia is highly dependent o the exploration and exportation of the CSG gas (Fleming and Measham 2015). The below mentioned article has concentrated on the CSG mining in Australia. It has discussed about the impact of CSG mining on the financial development of Australia. The report has articulated several process of the CSG mining that has been followed in Australia to extract the Coal Seam Gas. Coal seam gas (CGM) is considered as one of the natural gas. It is mainly known as methane gas and found in coal seams. Coal gas mining is also known as coal bed methane (CBM). CSG is known as unconventional gas, as it requires unconventional method to be extracted like horizontal drilling or hydraulic fracturing. It is different from the conventional gas due to its extraction method of the gas (Werner et al. 2016). Hydraulic Fracturing: Hydraulic Fracturing is used by many gas and oil mining industry to extract Coal Seam gas. In Australia this method has been used since last 40 years. NSW used this method to increase the water flow. This fracturing method has become unpopular due to the rise of horizontal drilling. In this procedure fluid that is a mixture of sand, water and chemicals is pumped into the fracture to open up the cracks. This allows gas to come up into the surface and release from the coal. Due to negative impact on the environment NSW government recently has banned the use of harmful chemicals in the Hydraulic fracturing method (Maher, Santos and Tait 2014). One of the famous and scientific methods that have been used by most of the Coal Seam Gas mining companies is horizontal drilling. It is considered as one of the innovative techniques to extract CSG. The role of the horizontal drilling is to identify the wells. After identifying the well small holes is drilled horizontally through which the coal seam gas will come out. Many Coal Seam Gas mining companies have implemented this method to extract the CSG (Duong et al. 2015). How much water will be involved in the process of Coal Seam Gas mining varies from project to project. According to the CISRO, the behavior of two wells or coal seam is not similar. Thus, the production of water is also not similar. It depends on the feature of the well or coal seam. Permission for Coal Seam Gas Mining: In order to extract Coal Seam Gas or deal with it, every company is asked to seek the permission of the local state government. They must apply for the exploration license so they can implement their strategies to extract CSG. According to some report, in recent time 5,072 well are operating in Australia, 4842 in Queensland and 23 in New South Wells (Jakubowski et al. 2014). CSG is often confused as Shale gas. However, there is a difference between Shale Gas and Coal Seam Gas. Shale gas is found in the shale layers. On the other hand, CSG is fund in the Coal Seam. Shale is harder than coal. Australia is known for its coal seam gas resource. CSG is mainly found in the Eastern Australia. CSG is being extracted from the eastern region of Australia since 1990. CSG mining industry of Australia is capable of fulfill the requirement of gas market of various countries. It covers a huge gas market. As opined by Australian Energy Regulatory, the demand of CSG is increasing day by day. Coal Seam Gas production in the Surat Basin is growing high. Australia mainly brings CSG from this Basin. In Australia hybrid drilling has been used to extract CSG, as his procedure is safer than other method and it make little noise. Australia has seen the rapid growth of the Coal Seam Gas mining industry since past few decades. The demand of CSG has been increased in national and global market. This has changed the scenario of the Coal Seam Gas mining industry. CSG mining industry of Australia plays key role in the Australian Economy. It has provided a wide opportunity to the Australian government to improve the financial and social structure (Jakubowski et al. 2014). Although, it plays an important role on the growth of financial infrastructure Australia, coal gas mining industry puts some significant impact on the environment as well, such as- CSG mining affects the aquifer level by removing large amount of ground water. Removal of the water puts negative impact on the agriculture and rural development. It is harmful for national development. Agriculture is an important element of every country; due to the removal of water level the farmers of the country may face various difficulties to grow crops, which is harmful for the local citizen as well as economy of the country. The exportation of the agriculture based products will be hampered due to such practices (Tait et al. 2016). CSG mining may add many chemicals into the ordinary water which is harmful for the health of the consumers. They may face various health issues due to chemical reaction. People who will that polluted water for their domestic purpose may suffer from several health hazards. CSG mining causes various kinds of environmental damages. Although, the economic infrastructure of Australia has been flourished due to CSG extraction, the local citizens are facing various obstacles due to mining industry. The pollution rate has been increased in the environment due to CSG mining. The growth of the CSG mining has affected the soil, water, air. Mining industries are known as the villain for the environment. Due to many harmful practices of the mining industry, the society may lead to face an awful consequence. This practices are influenced by the growth of the CSG mining. Due to such environmental impact of CSG mining, Australian CSG mining industry is facing various obstacles. New South Wales government has recently taken some remarkable initiative to deal with the situation. The government of NSW has evaluated the effect of coal mining industry on the atmosphere (Rees et al. 2016). A new scientific committee has been constructed in National Partnership Agreement on Coal Seam Gas to scrutinize the impact of the coal gas mining in atmosphere. This committee is hired to examine the water of the most affected areas (Mercer, de Rijke and Dressler 2014). Australian government has incorporated many laws to support the growth of the mining industry as well as to protect the environment from the negative impact of mining industry, such as- environmental protection act (1994), the petroleum act (1923), the water act (2000) and so on. The main motive of the government is to support the community building along with growth of the CSG mining industry (Lacey and Lamont 2014). Impact of Coal Gas Mining on Australian Economy: The growth of the coal seam gas mining industry has put a significant impact on the financial infrastructure of Australia. CSG mining companies of Australia is known as a huge profit making industry and it possesses huge workforce. More than 20000 people are appointed in the CSG firms of Australia (Jakubowski et al. 2014). Due to the rise of Australian gas industry the economic and social infrastructure has been transformed in past few decades. Many people are appointed in the gas firms and various other companies that are responsible for supplying required equipments to the oil and gas companies of Australia. Thus, it can be states that the employment opportunity has been increased due to the rise of Coal Seam Gas mining industry. The development of this industry has increases the national income of the country, as Australia is known as one of the giant that exports a large amount of CSG in all over world (Hamawand, Yusaf and Hamawand 2013). The growth of the CSG mining industry in Australia has put a significant impact on the diary industry of Australia as well (Hamilton et al. 2014). Initially the framers of Australian diary industry are opposing the idea of Coal Seam Gas Mining industry. The Australian government has taken a noble initiative to describe the farmers about the benefits they may get due to the growth of the CSG mining industry. This is considered as one of the remarkable steps taken by Australian government, as the dairy industry and the CSG mining industry both play key role in the development of the country. It is not possible for the government to avoid agriculture to expand CSG mining industry. This idea has provided a vivid picture of the pros and cons of the CSG mining industry to the dairy industry. This has led the Australian Dairy Industry Council to establish a supply chain to support the development of the CSG mining industry. Australian dairy farmers, milk companies and state dairy company ha s taken part in establishing this supply chain. The main motive of this supply chain is to provide sufficient support to the Australian CSG mining industry without compromising any natural assets (Aziz et al. 2014). Australian Rules and Regulations: In order to ensure the safety of the environment, Australian Government has included Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act in 1999 (Fleming and Measham 2015). This act has been introduced to ensure environmental safety from the negative impact of CSG mining. EPBC will be implemented where it can be implemented. This act aims at protecting all the national and international heritage places, wetlands. However, it is not responsible for protecting underground water. Although the Australian government has adopted all required strategies to maintain a balance between the atmosphere and CSG mining industry, it is a complicated procedure. Mining industry is known as the villain for the environment. According o some people, CSG mining is highly responsible for the rapid growth of the environmental pollution (Day and DellAmico 2014). Conclusion: As per the previous discussion, it can be concluded that the CSG mining plays a crucial role in the Australian economy. It influences the growth of the Australia. Australia is considered as a major storage of Coal Seam Gas. Coal Seam Gas is primarily known as a methane gas. It is mainly discovered in Eastern Australia. According to some reports, 13% of the total power is supplied by CSG. The Australian Government is incorporating new and modern technologies to extract CSG, as it will be beneficial to establish a bright future for country. The Australian government often faces various obstacles due to Coal Seam Gas mining. It tries to maintain healthy relation between the Australian citizen and other industries and the coal seam gas mining industry. Reference: Aziz, N., Florentin, R., Zhang, L., Ren, T. and Black, D., 2014. Enhancement of coal seam gas by N2 injection-a laboratory study. Day, S. and DellAmico, F., 2014, June. R., Javanmard Tousi, H.,(2014). Field Measurements of Fugitive Emissions from Equipment and Well Casings in Australian Coal Seam Gas Production Facilities. InProceedings of the National Academy of Science(Vol. 110, pp. 18023-18024). CSIRO, Australia. Duong, H.C., Gray, S., Duke, M., Cath, T.Y. and Nghiem, L.D., 2015. Scaling control during membrane distillation of coal seam gas reverse osmosis brine.Journal of Membrane Science,493, pp.673-682. Fleming, D.A. and Measham, T.G., 2015. Local economic impacts of an unconventional energy boom: the coal seam gas industry in Australia.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,59(1), pp.78-94. Hamawand, I., Yusaf, T. and Hamawand, S.G., 2013. Coal seam gas and associated water: a review paper.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,22, pp.550-560. Hamilton, S.K., Golding, S.D., Baublys, K.A. and Esterle, J.S., 2014. Stable isotopic and molecular composition of desorbed coal seam gases from the Walloon Subgroup, eastern Surat Basin, Australia.International Journal of Coal Geology,122, pp.21-36. Jakubowski, R., Haws, N., Ellerbroek, D., Murtagh, J. and Macfarlane, D., 2014. Development of a management tool to support the beneficial use of treated coal seam gas water for irrigation in Eastern Australia.Mine Water and the Environment,33(2), pp.133-145. Lacey, J. and Lamont, J., 2014. Using social contract to inform social licence to operate: an application in the Australian coal seam gas industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,84, pp.831-839. Maher, D.T., Santos, I.R. and Tait, D.R., 2014. Mapping methane and carbon dioxide concentrations and 13C values in the atmosphere of two Australian coal seam gas fields.Water, Air, Soil Pollution,225(12), p.2216. Mercer, A., de Rijke, K. and Dressler, W., 2014. Silences in the boom: coal seam gas, neoliberalizing discourse, and the future of regional Australia.Ecology,21(222), p.e348. Rees, N., Carter, S., Heinson, G., Krieger, L., Conway, D., Boren, G. and Matthews, C., 2016. Magnetotelluric monitoring of coal-seam gas and shale-gas resource development in Australia.The Leading Edge,35(1), pp.64-70. Tait, D.R., Santos, I.R., Maher, D.T., Cyronak, T.J. and Davis, R.J., 2013. Enrichment of radon and carbon dioxide in the open atmosphere of an Australian coal seam gas field.Environmental science technology,47(7), pp.3099-3104. Werner, A.K., Watt, K., Cameron, C.M., Vink, S., Page, A. and Jagals, P., 2016. All-age hospitalization rates in coal seam gas areas in Queensland, Australia, 19952011.BMC public health,16(1), p.125.

American Literature Characters Flashcard

American Literature Characters

Free Essays on The Impact of Media Violence

Persuasive Essay: The Impact of Media Violence â€Å"Monkey see, monkey do† has become a well-known saying in today’s society, but is it correct? Just sixty years ago the invention of the television was viewed as a technological curiosity with black and white ghost-like figures on a screen so small hardly anyone could see them. Today that curiosity has become a constant companion to many, mainly children. From reporting the news and persuading us to buy certain products, to providing programs that depict violence, television has all but replaced written material. Unfortunately, it is these violent programs that are endangering our present-day society. Violent images on television, as well as in the movies, have inspired people to set spouses on fire in their beds, lie down in the middle of highways, extort money by placing bombs in airplanes, rape, steal, murder, and commit numerous other shootings and assaults. Over 1,000 case studies have proven that media violence ca n have negative affects on children as well. It increases aggressiveness and anti-social behavior, makes them less sensitive to violence and to victims of violence, and it increases their appetite for more violence in entertainment and in real life. Media violence is especially damaging to young children, age 8 and under1, because they cannot tell the difference between real life and fantasy. Violent images on television and in movies may seem real to these children and sometimes viewing these images can even traumatize them. Despite the negative effects media violence has been known to generate, no drastic changes have been made to deal with this problem that seems to be getting worse. We, as a whole, have glorified this violence so much that movies such as â€Å"Natural Born Killers† and television shows such as â€Å"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers† are viewed as normal, everyday entertainment. It’s even rare now to find a children’s cartoon that does not depict some t... Free Essays on The Impact of Media Violence Free Essays on The Impact of Media Violence Persuasive Essay: The Impact of Media Violence â€Å"Monkey see, monkey do† has become a well-known saying in today’s society, but is it correct? Just sixty years ago the invention of the television was viewed as a technological curiosity with black and white ghost-like figures on a screen so small hardly anyone could see them. Today that curiosity has become a constant companion to many, mainly children. From reporting the news and persuading us to buy certain products, to providing programs that depict violence, television has all but replaced written material. Unfortunately, it is these violent programs that are endangering our present-day society. Violent images on television, as well as in the movies, have inspired people to set spouses on fire in their beds, lie down in the middle of highways, extort money by placing bombs in airplanes, rape, steal, murder, and commit numerous other shootings and assaults. Over 1,000 case studies have proven that media violence ca n have negative affects on children as well. It increases aggressiveness and anti-social behavior, makes them less sensitive to violence and to victims of violence, and it increases their appetite for more violence in entertainment and in real life. Media violence is especially damaging to young children, age 8 and under1, because they cannot tell the difference between real life and fantasy. Violent images on television and in movies may seem real to these children and sometimes viewing these images can even traumatize them. Despite the negative effects media violence has been known to generate, no drastic changes have been made to deal with this problem that seems to be getting worse. We, as a whole, have glorified this violence so much that movies such as â€Å"Natural Born Killers† and television shows such as â€Å"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers† are viewed as normal, everyday entertainment. It’s even rare now to find a children’s cartoon that does not depict some t...

Argumentive Research Paper on why and how cellphones negatively affect Annotated Bibliography

Argumentive Research Paper on why and how cellphones negatively affect teenagers - Annotated Bibliography Example The teenagers use cell phones in school, at home, during dates, at meetings, and other social gatherings. The writer affirms that the visually impaired teenager should reduce the use of cell phones to allowable levels. If possible, the visually impaired teenagers should use the cell phones during emergencies. Another article shows that detrimental effects of teenagers using cell phones (Strayer 128). A research conducted on teenagers driving cars proved the use of cell phones is dangerous. With the teenagers focused on driving their cars through the busy streets, the teenager is caught between answering the cell phone while driving and trying to prevent a car accident. With the teenagers’ attention divided, the there is a higher probability that the teenager will meet an accident. The teenager who is busy answering the cell phone may not spot a pedestrian hurriedly crossing the road. When this happens, there is a bigger probability that the teenager may not be able to see the running pedestrian on time. The research shows that cell phone talking while driving will increase the probability of accidents. The article is current as most teenagers today use cell phones. Likewise, the author is an authority on teenager research. The article is very relevant to today’s teenagers. With the advent of information technology, teenagers are often distracted from focusing on the day’s priorities because they have to answer their cell phones. The writer believes that the author is correct. With cell phone conversation, the teenagers’ attention to the current activities is reduced to dangerous and unhealthy levels. Another article states that teenagers must use cell phones in order to achieve their goals or targets on time. The teenagers use the cell phones to contact their classmates. The cell phones are used to gather the latest information on certain classroom assignments. The teenagers use the cell phones to answer

The Euorpean Gypsy Moth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Euorpean Gypsy Moth - Essay Example Firstly, being voracious eaters they feed extensively on the leaves of trees such as firs and spruce thereby completely destroying the foliage. Such repeated instances of foliage destruction may lead to death of the trees. Secondly, these moths also affect the water quality as well. The moths feed on tree leaves and their droppings fall into the streams and water bodies thereby increasing the organic matter in the water thereby leading to algal blooms. It is not only the environment that is affected but the moth also causes economic losses as well. Timber is lost as the moth destroys woodland as well as ornamental trees and thereby causes monetary loss. Another monetary loss is the financial costs incurred while trying to cope up with the moth infestation (Moellar,1977). However, after the advancement in the field of biotechnology, B.thuringiensis is deemed as the best management for gypsy moth. The bacterium produces a Bt toxin which on entering the moth’s body destroys the gut of the moth and thereby keeps them under control. The pros of using Bt against gypsy is that it works well in controlling the moth population and is cost effective. However, since Bt is non-specific it may harm other non-target organisms as well. Moreover, health impacts have been seen among ground workers (Wronski,1997). "http://worldcat.org/oclc/774038619:##: The Use of Bacillus Thuringiensis Kurstaki for Managing Gypsy Moth Populations Under the Slow the Spread Program, 1996-2010, Relative to the Distributional Range of Threatened and Endangered Species. Newton Square, PA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2011. Internet resource. :##:Blackburn, Laura." N.p., Web.

Individual vs Circumstance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual vs Circumstance - Essay Example lity can play a significant role in the history not only when it is more or less adequately expresses (or seeks to express) the interests of the masses, but also when it is guided by purely abstract ideas and ideals, and sometimes even only by its personal interests and ambitions that cannot be rationally confessed by itself. Modern investigators show Lenins personality from different points of view. For a long time Soviet ideology praised Lenin as a role-model person for soviet people, showing him as "the most humane man" and the liberator from the bourgeois-landlord oppression. From the other hand, many writers and historians show Lenin as unprincipled politician, organizer of fratricidal slaughter and starvation, as inspirer of extrajudicial executions and blame him in collapse of his social experiment. Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin came from a family of progressive Russian intellectuals: his father worked as a teacher, was an inspector, and then a director of public schools in the province of Simbirsk, and his mother knew several foreign languages, played the piano well and had a tutor diploma. From his early childhood Lenin exhibited the traits of someone who needed to show others how to do things (Tumarkin, 64). His outlook during first periods of his youth was influenced by family upbringing and parents’ example. He also was under the influence of revolutionary and democratic ideas and learned about the existence of Marxist theory from his brother Alexander Ulyanov, who was later executed for participation in plotting of the assassination on Russian Tsar Alexander III. At the university young Ulyanov established links with the revolutionary-minded students, but then he was arrested for active participation in student gathering in December 1887 and later he was expelled from the University of Kazan and exiled to the village of Kokushkino, where he lived under the secret police surveillance spending his time on self-education. So Lenin’s personality was formed

NoSQL Databases | Research Paper

NoSQL Databases | Research Paper In the world of enterprise computing, we have seen many changes in platforms, languages, processes, and architectures. But throughout the entire time one thing has remained unchanged relational databases. For almost as long as we have been in the software profession, relational databases have been the default choice for serious data storage, especially in the world of enterprise applications. There have been times when a database technology threatened to take a piece of the action, such as object databases in the 1990s, but these alternatives never got anywhere. In this research paper, a new challenger on the block was explored under the name of NoSQL. It came into existence because of there was a need to handle large volumes of data which forced a shift to building bigger hardware platforms through large number of commodity servers. The term NoSQL applies to a number of recent non-relational databases such as Cassandra, MongoDB, Neo4j, and Azure Table storage. NoSQL databases provided the advantage of building systems that were more performing, scaled much better, and were easier to program with. The paper considers that we are now in a world of Polyglot Persistence where different technologies are used by enterprises for the management of data. For this reason, architects should know what these technologies are and should be able to decide which ones to use for various purposes. It provides information to decide whether NoSQL databases can be seriously considered for future projects. The attempt is to provide enough background information on NoSQL databases on how they work and what advantages they will bring to the table. Table of Contents Introduction Literature Technical Aspects Document Oriented Merits Demerits Case Study MongoDB Key Value Merits Demerits Case Study Azure Table Storage Column Stores Merits Demerits Case Study Cassandra Graphs Merits Demerits Case Study Neo4j Conclusion References Introduction NoSQL is commonly interpreted as not only SQL. It is a class of database management systems and is does not adhere to the traditional RDBMS model. NoSQl databases handle a large variety of data including structured, unstructured or semi-structured data. NoSQL database systems are highly optimized for retrieval and append operations and offer less functionality other than record storage. The run time performance is reduced compared to full SQL systems but there is increased gain in scalability and performance for some data models [3]. NoSQL databases prove to be beneficial when a huge quantity of data is to be processed and a relational model does not satisfy the datas nature. What truly matters is the ability to store and retrieve huge amount of data, but not the relationships between them. This is especially useful for real-time or statistical analysis for growing amount of data. The NoSQL community is experiencing a rapid change. It is transitioning from the community-driven platform development to an application-driven market. Facebook, Digg and Twitter have been successful in using NoSQL and scaling up their web infrastructure. Many successful attempts have been made in developing NOSQL applications in the fields of image/signal processing, biotechnology, and defense. The traditional relational database systems vendors also assess the strategy of developing NoSQL solutions and integrating them in existing offers. Literature In recent years with expansion of cloud computing, problems of data-intensive services have become prominent. The cloud computing seems to be the future architecture to support large-scale and data intensive applications, although there are certain requirements of applications that cloud computing does not fulfill sufficiently [7]. For years, development of information systems has relied on vertical scaling, but this approach requires higher level of skills and it is not reliable in some cases. Database partitioning across multiple cheap machines added dynamically, horizontal scaling or scaling-out can ensure scalability in a more effective and cheaper way. Todays NoSQL databases designed for cheap hardware and using the shared-nothing architecture can be a better solution. The term NoSQL was coined by Carlo Strozzi in 1998 for his Open Source, Light Weight Database which had no SQL interface. Later, in 2009, Eric Evans, a Rackspace employee, reused the term for databases which are non-relational, distributed and do not conform to atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability. In the same year, no:sql(east) conference held in Atlanta, USA, NoSQL was discussed a lot. And eventually NoSQL saw an unprecedented growth [1]. Scalable and distributed data management has been the vision of the database research community for more than three decades. Many researches have been focused on designing scalable systems for both update intensive workloads as well as ad-hoc analysis workloads [5]. Initial designs include distributed databases for update intensive workloads, and parallel database systems for analytical workloads. Parallel databases grew to become large commercial systems, but distributed database systems were not very successful. Changes in the data access patterns of applications and the need to scale out to thousands of commodity machines led to the birth of a new class of systems referred to as NoSQL databases which are now being widely adopted by various enterprises. Data processing has been viewed as a constant battle between parallelism and concurrency [4]. Database acts as a data store with an additional protective software layer which is constantly being bombarded by transactions. To handle all the transactions, databases have two choices at each stage in computation: parallelism, where two transactions are being processed at the same time; and concurrency, where a processor switches between the two transactions rapidly in the middle of the transaction. Parallelism is faster, but to avoid inconsistencies in the results of the transaction, coordinating software is required which is hard to operate in parallel as it involves frequent communication between the parallel threads of the two transactions. At a global level, it becomes a choice between distributed and scale-up single-system processing. In certain instances, relational databases designed for scale-up systems and structured data did not work well. For indexing and serving massive amounts of rich text, for semi-structured or unstructured data, and for streaming media, a relational database would require consistency between data copies in a distributed environment and will not be able to perform parallelism for the transactions. And so, to minimize costs and to maximize the parallelism of these types of transactions, we turned to NoSQL and other non-relational approaches. These efforts combined open-source software, large amounts of small servers and loose consistency constraints on the distributed transactions (eventual consistency). The basic idea was to minimize coordination by identifying types of transactions where it didnt matter if some users got old data rather than the latest data, or if some users got an answer while others didnt. Technical Aspects NoSQL is a non-relational database management system which is different from the traditional relational database management systems in significant ways. NoSQL systems are designed for distributed data stores which require large scale data storage, are schema-less and scale horizontally. Relational databases rely upon very structured rules to govern transactions. These rules are encoded in the ACID model which requires that the database must always preserve atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability in each database transaction. The NoSQL databases follow the BASE model which provides three loose guidelines: basic availability, soft state and eventual consistency. Two primary reasons to consider NoSQL are: handle data access with sizes and performance that demand a cluster; and to improve the productivity of application development by using a more convenient data interaction style [6]. The common characteristics of NoSQL are: Not using the relational model Running well on clusters Open-source Built for 21st century web estates Schema less Each NoSQL solution uses a different data model which can be put in four widely used categories in the NoSQL Ecosystem: key-value, document, column-family and graph. Of these the first three share a common characteristic of their data models called aggregate orientation. Next we briefly describe each of these data models. 3.1 Document Oriented The main concept of a document oriented database is the notion of a document [3]. The database stores and retrieves documents which encapsulate and encode data in some standard formats or encodings like XML, JSON, BSON, and so on. These documents are self-describing, hierarchical tree data structures and can offer different ways of organizing and grouping documents: Collections Tags Non-visible Metadata Directory Hierarchies Documents are addressed with a unique key which represents the document. Also, beyond a simple key-document lookup, the database offers an API or query language that allows retrieval of documents based on their content. img1.jpg Fig 1: Comparison of terminology between Oracle and MongoDB 3.1.1 Merits Intuitive data structure. Simple natural modeling of requests with flexible query functions [2]. Can act as a central data store for event storage, especially when the data captured by the events keeps changing. With no predefined schemas, they work well in content management systems or blogging platforms. Can store data for real-time analytics; since parts of the document can be updated, it is easy to store page views and new metrics can be added without schema changes. Provides flexible schema and ability to evolve data models without expensive database refactoring or data migration to E-commerce applications [6]. Demerits Higher hardware demands because of more dynamic DB queries in part without data preparation. Redundant storage of data (denormalization) in favor of higher performance [2]. Not suitable for atomic cross-document operations. Since the data is saved as an aggregate, if the design of an aggregate is constantly changing, aggregates have to be saved at the lowest level of granularity. In this case, document databases may not work [6]. .3.1.3 Case Study MongoDB MongoDB is an open-source document-oriented database system developed by 10gen. It stores structured data as JSON-like documents with dynamic schemas (MongoDB calls the format BSON), making the integration of data in certain types of applications easier and faster. The language support includes Java, JavaScript, Python, PHP, Ruby and it also supports sharding via configurable data fields. Each MongoDB instance has multiple databases, and each database can have multiple collections [2,6]. When a document is stored, we have to choose which database and collection this document belongs in. Consistency in MongoDB database is configured by using the replica sets and choosing to wait for the writes to be replicated to a given number of slaves. Transactions at the single-document level are atomic transactions a write either succeeds or fails. Transactions involving more than one operation are not possible, although there are few exceptions. MongoDB implements replication, providing high availability using replica sets. In a replica set, there are two or more nodes participating in an asynchronous master-slave replication. MongoDB has a query language which is expressed via JSON and has variety of constructs that can be combined to create a MongoDB query. With MongoDB, we can query the data inside the document without having to retrieve the whole document by its key and then introspect the document. Scaling in MongoDB is achieved through sharding. In sharding, the data is split by certain field, and then moved to different Mongo nodes. The data is dynamically moved between nodes to ensure that shards are always balanced. We can add more nodes to the cluster and increase the number of writable nodes, enabling horizontal scaling for writes [6, 9]. 3.2 Key-value A key-value store is a simple hash table, primarily used when all access to the database is via primary key. They allow schema-less storage of data to an application. The data could be stored in a data type of a programming language or an object. The following types exist: Hierarchical key-value store Eventually-consistent key-value store, hosted services, key-value chain in RAM, ordered key-value stores, multi value databases, tuple store and so on. Key-value stores are the simplest NoSQL data stores to use form an API perspective. The client can get or put the value for a key, or delete a key from the data store. The value is a blob that is just stored without knowing what is inside; it is the responsibility of the application to understand what is stored [3, 6]. 3.2.1 Merits Performance high and predictable. Simple data model. Clear separation of saving from application logic (because of lacking query language). Suitable for storing session information. User profiles, product profiles, preferences can be easily stored. Best suited for shopping cart data and other E-commerce applications. Can be scaled easily since they always use primary-key access. 3.2.2 Demerits Limited range of functions High development effort for more complex applications Not the best solution when relationships between different sets of data are required. Not suited for multi operation transactions. There is no way to inspect the value on the database side. Since operations are limited to one key at a time, there is no way to operate upon multiple keys at the same time. 3.2.3 Case Study Azure Table Storage For structured forms of storage, Windows Azure provides structured key-value pairs stored in entities known as Tables. The table storage uses a NoSQL model based on key-value pairs for querying structured data that is not in a typical database. A table is a bag of typed properties that represents an entity in the application domain. Data stored in Azure tables is partitioned horizontally and distributed across storage nodes for optimized access. Every table has a property called the Partition Key, which defines how data in the table is partitioned across storage nodes rows that have the same partition key are stored in a partition. In addition, tables can also define Row Keys which are unique within a partition and optimize access to a row within a partition. When present, the pair {partition key, row key} uniquely identifies a row in a table. The access to the Table service is through REST APIs [6]. 3.3 Column Store Column-family databases store data in column-families as rows that have many columns associated with a row key. These stores allow storing data with key mapped to values, and values grouped into multiple column families, each column family being a map of data. Column-families are groups of related data that is often accessed together. The column-family model is as a two-level aggregate structure. As with key-value stores, the first key is often described as a row identifier, picking up the aggregate of interest. The difference with column-family structures is that this row aggregate is itself formed of a map of more detailed values. These second-level values are referred to as columns. It allows accessing the row as a whole as well as operations also allow picking out a particular column [6]. 3.3.1 Merits Designed for performance. Native support for persistent views towards key-value store. Sharding: Distribution of data to various servers through hashing. More efficient than row-oriented systems during aggregation of a few columns from many rows. Column-family databases with their ability to store any data structures are great for storing event information. Allows storing blog entries with tags, categories, links, and trackbacks in different columns. Can be used to count and categorize visitors of a page in a web application to calculate analytics. Provides a functionality of expiring columns: columns which, after a given time, are deleted automatically. This can be useful in providing demo access to users or showing ad banners on a website for a specific time. 3.3.2 Demerits Limited query options for data High maintenance effort during changing of existing data because of updating all lists. Less efficient than all row-oriented systems during access to many columns of a row. Not suitable for systems that require ACID transactions for reads and writes. Not good for early prototypes or initial tech spikes as the schema change required is very expensive. 3.3.3 Case Study Cassandra A column is the basic unit of storage in Cassandra. A Cassandra column consists of a name-value pair where the name behaves as the key. Each of these key-value pairs is a single column and is stored with a timestamp value which is used to expire data, resolve write conflicts, deal with stale data, and other things. A row is a collection of columns attached or linked to a key; a collection of similar rows makes a column family. Each column family can be compared to a container of rows in an RDBMS table where the key identifies the row and the row consists on multiple columns. The difference is that various rows do not need to have the same columns, and columns can be added to any row at any time without having to add it to other rows. By design Cassandra is highly available, since there is no master in the cluster and every node is a peer in the cluster. A write operation in Cassandra is considered successful once its written to the commit log and an in-memory structure known as memtable. While a node is down, the data that was supposed to be stored by that node is handed off to other nodes. As the node comes back online, the changes made to the data are handed back to the node. This technique, known as hinted handoff, for faster restore of failed nodes. In Cassandra, a write is atomic at the row level, which means inserting or updating columns for a given row key will be treated as a single write and will either succeed or fail. Cassandra has a query language that supports SQL-like commands, known as Cassandra Query Language (CQL) [2, 6]. We can use the CQL commands to create a column family. Scaling in Cassandra is done by adding more nodes. As no single node is a master, when we add nodes to the cluster we are improving the capacity of the cluster to support more writes and reads. This allows for maximum uptime as the cluster keeps serving requests from the clients while new nodes are being added to the cluster. 3.4 Graph Graph databases allow storing entities and relationships between these entities. Entities are also known as nodes, which have properties. Relations are known as edges that can have properties. Edges have directional significance; nodes are organized by relationships which allow finding interesting patterns between the nodes. The organization of the graph lets the data to be stored once and then interpreted in different ways based on relationships. Relationships are first-class citizens in graph databases; most of the value of graph databases is derived from the relationships. Relationships dont only have a type, a start node, and an end node, but can have properties of their own. Using these properties on the relationships, we can add intelligence to the relationship for example, since when did they become friends, what is the distance between the nodes, or what aspects are shared between the nodes. These properties on the relationships can be used to query the graph [2, 6]. 3.4.1 Merits Very compact modeling of networked data. High performance efficiency. Can be deployed and used very effectively in social networking. Excellent choice for routing, dispatch and location-based services. As nodes and relationships are created in the system, they can be used to make recommendation engines. They can be used to search for patterns in relationships to detect fraud in transactions. 3.4.2 Demerits Not appropriate when an update is required on all or a subset of entities. Some databases may be unable to handle lots of data, especially in global graph operations (those involving the whole graph). Sharding is difficult as graph databases are not aggregate-oriented. 3.4.3 Case Study Neo4j Neo4j is an open-source graph database, implemented in Java. It is described as an embedded, disk-based, fully transactional Java persistence engine that stores data structured in graphs rather than in table. Neo4j is ACID compliant and easily embedded in individual applications. In Neo4J, a graph is created by making two nodes and then establishing a relationship. Graph databases ensure consistency through transactions. They do not allow dangling relationships: The start node and end node always have to exist, and nodes can only be deleted if they dont have any relationships attached to them. Neo4J achieves high availability by providing for replicated slaves. Neo4j is supported by query languages such as Gremlin (Groovy based traversing language) and Cypher (declarative graph query language) [6]. There are three ways to scale graph databases: Adding enough RAM to the server so that the working set of nodes and relationships is held entirely in memory. Improve the read scaling of the database by adding more slaves with read-only access to the data, with all the writes going to the master. Sharding the data from the application side using domain-specific knowledge. Conclusions NoSQL databases are still evolving and more number of enterprises is switching to move from the traditional relational database technology to non-relational databases. But given their limitations, they will never completely replace the relational databases. The future of NoSQL is in the usage of various database tools in application-oriented way and their broader adoption in specialized projects involving large unstructured distributed data with high requirements on scaling. On the other hand, an adoption of NoSQL data stores will hardly compete with relational databases that represent reliability and matured technology. NoSQL databases leave a lot work on the application designer. The application design is an important part of the non-relational databases which enable the database designers to provide certain functionalities to the users. Hence a good understanding of the architecture for NoSQL systems is required. The need of the hour is to take advantage of the new trends emerging in the world of databases the non-relational databases. An effective solution would be to combine the power of different database technologies to meet the requirements and maximize the performance.

Religious Confusion in Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya Essay

Religious Confusion in Bless Me, Ultima Only a few books dare to discuss the confusion surrounded by a religious awakening. In Bless Me, Ultima, Rudolfo Anaya, challenges standard religion and brings in differnet ideas through the perspective of a young and confused boy. At the end of his struggle to understand, the boy reaches the peace of mind he was seeking. Antonio, the young boy, wants answers to the questions that have been nagging at him since he was introduced to religious ideology. He does not understand why Ultima, a close elderly friend and a healer, can save his dying uncle from the curses of evil while the priest from El Puerto with his holy water and the power of God can not lift the curse from him. He wonders whether God really exists or if the â€Å"Cico's† story of the golden carp is true. Bless Me, Ultima, is a compelling story that deals with Antonio's family, beliefs, and dreams. Throughout the book Antonio is introduced to many new ideas. The first is the experiences he has with Ultima. Ultima is a healer who learned her techniques from an old wise man on the prairie. She is sometimes called a witch. This confuses Antonio because in his heart he knows Ultima represents good and not the evil she is sometimes blamed for. Antonio learns some of the ways of Ultima and begins to understand his surroundings. He knows the name of almost every plant and what medicinal uses each has.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next exposure for Antonio is the myth of the golden carp. Antonio...